Mar 12, 2012

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Long-term studies on the safety of GM food

Hunting for abnormalities

At a press conference in Vienna on Thursday, an international research consortium reported that it had not found any harmful health effects of GM food in animals. In their studies the scientists investigated potential long-term risks associated with feeding genetically modified Bt maize MON810 and a GM pea to pigs, salmon and mice. Through their research they hope to find suitable biomarkers that can be used as more sensitive indicators to detect harmful effects of authorised GM foods in humans.

Scientists from the study at the press conference in Vienna on 8th March. From left: Dr Ashild Krogdahl, Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Dr T J Higgins, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation of Australia, Dr Richard Goodman, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Photo: David Reali

Poster: Structure of GMSAFOOD experiments

Authorised foods from GM plants must be as safe as comparable conventional products. That is what the law says. Until now, there has not been any scientific evidence to indicate that authorised GMO products could harm animals or humans. However, the public debate about possible shortcomings in the authorisation procedure and the safety of GM food has been raging for years. In particular, countries like Austria justify their critical stance in relation to plant genetic engineering by citing a lack of research into the potential long-term risks. Now Austrian researchers from the Medical University of Vienna have presented long-term research using GM food. They evidently failed to find any negative effects.

Biomarkers to help identify negative effects

The scientists involved in GMSAFOOD, a research project funded by the EU for the past three years, had set themselves the objective of using biomarkers to carry out a more thorough search for potential adverse effects of GM food on health. Biomarkers are biological traits of an organism that can be measured objectively and can indicate potential abnormal processes in the body. They include simple anatomical traits like growth rate, and certain substances in the body that can indicate immunological or allergic reactions to a food. The aim was to identify suitable biomarkers in the animal experiment using pigs, mice and salmon that can indicate negative health effects, and to test whether they can be used in humans with the help of modern bioinformatics methods. The biomarkers could then be used to conduct more sensitive checks for actual effects of approved GM foods on humans and animals as part of post market monitoring.

Experiments with pigs, salmon and mice

In their studies, the researchers from Ireland, Norway, Austria, Hungary, Australia and Turkey fed two different GM plants to the trial animals. One was the Bt maize MON810, which has been authorised in Europe since 1998 and was grown on over 100,000 hectares in Spain and Portugal last year.

The other was a type of GM pea developed in Australia that carries the gene for an amylase inhibitor taken from beans. This protein gives the peas resistance to the cowpea weevil. A study published in 2005 came to the conclusion that the new protein in the pea could trigger allergic reactions in humans and animals. The protein did not, it claimed, cause these effects in the bean. As a result, this GM crop has never been submitted for authorisation.

The feeding experiments, some of which lasted the entire lifetime of the animals, found no negative changes in the metabolism of pigs, salmon or mice. The progeny of the animals fed on the GM plants were also included in the assessment, but the researchers did not find any negative effects.

In the allergy tests, it was found that the bean protein in the GM peas can trigger allergic reactions in mice. However, the GMSAFOOD researchers say this effect was predictable because the natural amylase inhibitor protein in the bean triggered very similar reactions in the experiments they conducted. This could therefore be taken into account in a risk assessment for the authorisation of such plants.